ANAFORA I UPOTREBA ČLANA U ITALIJANSKOM JEZIKU

Abstract

Anaphora represents a complex linguistic phenomenon that enables the interconnection of textual information. It consists of an antecedent and anaphoric expression. The antecedent introduces an extratextual referent that is grammatically accompanied by indefinite article. In some cases the use of definite article is correct but such choices are usually based on pragmatic factors. The anaphoric expression is always introduced by the definite article, because the definite article is the signal that the textual cohesion has taken place through the relation between the elements of the anaphora. The main goal of this paper is to investigate the types of bonding between the antecedent and the anaphoric expression. Depending on the prevalent type of bond we singled out four types of anaphora in our corpora based on six Italian novels: direct, indirect, associative anaphora and anaphoric encapsulator. Our research shows that the first two types are characterized by coreference, while the other two are not. This implies that the direct anaphora is based on lexical bonding, whereas the indirect is based on semantic bonding of various lexical substitutes such as equivalent expressions, hyponyms, hyperonyms, synonyms or diminutives. The associative anaphora requires strong logical and associative bond between the antecedent and the anaphoric expression in order for cohesion to happen. The anaphoric encapsulator presents a single word that can summarize a whole segment of the previous text. We have concluded that all four types of anaphora successfully create textual cohesion and the reader is equipped to connect the antecedent to the anaphoric expression, regardless of whether there is a referential identity within the anaphora. The goal of this article is to point out the importance of pragmatic factors that enable this kind of referential recognition. They include the encyclopedia knowledge, the common knowledge, the knowing of the context and the co-text, the discourse universe and the cooperative principle that depends on the reader’s willingness to accept the referential connections within anaphoric elements.