Characteristics and applications of silver nanoparticles

Abstract

© Springer International Publishing AG 2018. All rights reserved. This review provides an insight into the level of knowledge about the properties of silver nanoparticles, their already existing applications and possible further developments, as well as their effects on different behaviour and properties of the products wherein they are used. This chapter reviews the application fields of nanosilver, starting from basic silver properties and influential parameters in definition of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). Toxicity of Ag NPs is observed from various aspects in relation to cell toxicity and relevant mechanisms of their behaviour within tissue environment. Range of sizes and surface chemistry of Ag NPs and possible effects, as well as known in vivo effects are reviewed, based on the already established research results. Antibacterial properties of Ag NPs and relevant mechanisms of action are presented. Application areas where commercialization of nanosilver has started are presented: medicine (wound dressings, drug delivery, biosensors and medical diagnostics, orthopedics), food and textile industries, and water disinfection systems. Environment related issues have been considered and important conclusions derived from established results are presented. Each application sector comprises descriptions of basic mechanisms related to Ag NPs, gained benefits, but also possible risks and recognised limitations in application of Ag NPs. Future directions as recognised in specific research groups dealing with some of the sectors are listed. Exquisite properties of Ag NPs, especially antibacterial and optical properties, along with availability and lower cost of fabrication, processing and storage, compared to other noble elements makes them very promising for numerous future applications. However, proven cell toxicity must be further studied and methods to overcome these adverse effects on tissue in general are subject of current research. One important application field is drug delivery for targeted cancer cell destruction that is expected to show particular results very soon. Even with all the limitations that need to be imposed on usage of Ag NPs, they are promising nanoagent for novel advancements in different areas.