Cardiac, biochemical and histopathological analysis reveals impaired heart function in hypertensive rats with apical periodontitis

Abstract

Aim: To investigate the association between experimentally induced apical periodontitis (AP) and heart function in hypertensive rats. Methodology: Forty-eight normotensive Wistar albino and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats were divided into four equal groups: control (C), normotensive with AP (AP), SHR and SHR with AP (SHR + AP). AP was induced on the first right mandibular molars by exposing the pulp chambers to the oral environment for four weeks and confirmed radiographically. Thereafter, the animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation, whilst hearts were isolated and perfused according to the Langendorff technique gradually increasing coronary perfusion pressures 40–120 cmH2O. The hemimandibles were analysed radiographically (mm2 and pixels) to verify the presence of AP. Biomarkers of cardiac oxidative stress (OS) were determined in coronary venous effluent and cardiac tissue homogenate. Cardiac tissue was analysed histopathologically for signs of heart damage (oedema, fibrosis and necrosis). All data were analysed by Kruskal–Wallis and one-way anova tests (p <.05). Results: The levels of the maximum left ventricular pressure development rate of the SHR + AP group were significantly increased compared to the AP and C groups, and of the SHR group compared with the C group (p <.05). The levels of the minimum left ventricular pressure development rate of the SHR + AP group were significantly decreased compared to the AP, SHR and C groups, and of the SHR group compared to the C group (p <.05). The radiographic AP area was significantly larger in the SHR + AP group than in the AP group (p <.01). The levels of superoxide anion were significantly higher in the SHR + AP group than in the AP, SHR and C groups (p <.05). The activities of superoxide dismutase in cardiac tissue homogenate were significantly lower in the SHR + AP and AP groups compared with the SHR and C groups (p <.05). Conclusions: In rats, AP was associated with impaired cardiodynamics, disturbed cardiac OS, antioxidant defence and cardiac pathologic changes in hypertensive conditions. Hypertension was associated with an increase in the AP radiographic area. Further studies should confirm whether root canal treatment can have a cardioprotective effect and reduce cardiac OS in hypertensive conditions.