In Vivo Models for Spinal Disc Regeneration

Abstract

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is one of the common health conditions related to pain in lower back, representing one of the major reasons for disabilities from musculoskeletal problems. Spinal disc replacement and regeneration is a recognised approach in clinical approaches, with several commercially available implants. However, better fitted implants and customised solutions are still needed. This paper presents a short review of the most important aspects for appropriate selection and application of different in vivo models for intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. Techniques for inducing disc degeneration in models are elaborated, including needle puncture models, enzymatic or chemical induction, genetic and age-related models and mechanical loading and instability models. Different assessment and evaluation methods in in vivo studies are analysed, such as imaging techniques, histological analysis, biomechanical testing and molecular and cellular assays. Current strategies for disc regeneration that have been tested in vivo are presented, including biomaterial scaffolds and hydrogels, cell-based therapies and translational considerations.