Structural Performance of Semi-Rigid Beam-to-Column Connections in Steel Storage Racks: A Review Focused on FEM Analysis

Abstract

In practical applications, steel storage racks include a wide range of beam-to-column connections (BCCs), which have a significant impact on their structural stability, particularly under various loading conditions. This systematic review focuses on the application of the finite element method (FEM) as a complementary tool to evaluate the mechanical behavior of these connections. Key parameters that influence connection performance include the connector’s class and hook configuration, column thickness, beam height and weld position on the connector. Although the Eurocode 3 standard provides design guidelines for connections, experimental testing remains the most reliable method due to the complexity of semi-rigid connections, particularly in the context of pallet racks. Validated FEM analysis emerges as a dependable and cost-effective alternative to experiments, enabling more detailed parametric studies and improving the prediction of structural response. This review focuses on the advantages of FEM integration into design workflows via quantitative synthesis, while also emphasizing the role of contact formulations in modeling accuracy. To establish FEM as an independent predictive tool for the design and optimization of steel storage racks, future research should focus on cohesive zone modeling, ductile damage criteria, advanced contact strategies and additional machine learning (ML) techniques.